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Viña, A. ., & Estévez Varón, J. V. . (2019). Effects of fragmentation on tree species diversity in a lowland tropical forest area of the andean foothills of Colombia. Boletín Científico. Centro De Museos, 23(2), 109–132. https://doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2019.23.2.5
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Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effects of fragmentation on tree species diversity at a regional scale. Scope: A procedure based on floristic similarity was developed to evaluate the effects of deforestation, and its resultant forest fragmentation, on tree species diversity at a regional scale. Methodology: Floristic similarity among twelve forest patches of different areal extents, assessed using rarefaction curves and distance decay, was utilized to evaluate the effects of forest fragmentation on tree species diversity in a lowland tropical moist forest region located in the Andean foothills, Department of Casanare, Colombia. Main results: As fragmentation may reduce biodiversity at local scales while homogenize it at regional scales, a regional homogenization of tree species composition of the study area was expected. In contrast, inter-patch floristic similarity was low suggesting that pre-fragmentation tree species composition may still be maintained. Nevertheless, several of the tree species sampled could be prone to regional extinction, particularly if fragmentation is maintained or increased. Our results suggest that the analysis of inter-patch floristic similarity constitutes a practical way to evaluate the effects of fragmentation on regional tree species composition and distribution. This constitutes an analytical tool useful for the design of programs to conserve biodiversity at regional scales.
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References
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BIERREGAARD JR., R.O., LOVEJOY, T.E., KAPOS, V., DOS SANTOS, A.A. & HUTCHINGS, R.W., 1992.- The biological
dynamics of tropical rainforest fragments. BioScience: 859-866.
BLANDÓN, A.C., PERELMAN, S.B., RAMÍREZ, M., LÓPEZ, A., JAVIER, O. & ROBBINS, C.S., 2016.- Temporal bird
community dynamics are strongly affected by landscape fragmentation in a Central American tropical forest region. Biodiversity and conservation, 25(2): 311-330.
BROWN, S. & LUGO, A.E., 1990.- Tropical secondary forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6(1): 1-32.
CHAPMAN, J.I., MYERS, A.L., BURKY, A.J. & MCEWAN, R.W., 2015.- Edge Effects, Invasion, and the Spatial Pattern of HerbLayer Biodiversity in an Old-Growth Deciduous Forest Fragment. Natural Areas Journal, 35(3): 439-452.
CHAZDON, R., 1999.- Tropical forests: Log them or leave them? Science 281: 1295.
COTTAM, G. & CURTIS, J.T., 1956.- The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. Ecology, 37(3): 451-460.
COTTAM, G., CURTIS, J.T. & HALE, B.W., 1953.- Some sampling characteristics of a population of randomly dispersed individuals. Ecology, 34(4): 741-757.
DE PAULA MATEUS, D., GROENEVELD, J., FISCHER, R., TAUBERT, F., MARTINS, V.F. & HUTH, A., 2018.- Defaunation
impacts on seed survival and its effect on the biomass of future tropical forests. Oikos, 127(10): 1526-1538.
DEL PLIEGO, P.G., SCHEFFERS, B.R., BASHAM, E.W., WOODCOCK, P., WHEELER, C., GILROY, J.J., URIBE, C.A.M.,
HAUGAASEN, T., FRECKLETON, R.P. & EDWARDS, D.P., 2016.- Thermally buffered microhabitats recovery in tropical secondary forests following land abandonment. Biological Conservation, 201: 385-395.
DODSON, C.H. & GENTRY, A.H., 1991.- Biological extinction in western Ecuador. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden: 273-295.
ELLENBERG, D. & MUELLER-DOMBOIS, D., 1974.- Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. Wiley New York.
FOTHERINGHAM, A.S., 1981.- Spatial structure and distance-decay parameters. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 71(3): 425-436.
FOTHERINGHAM, A.S., BRUNSDON, C. & CHARLTON, M., 2003.- Geographically weighted regression: the analysis of spatially varying relationships. John Wiley & Sons.
GARDNER, T.A., BARLOW, J., CHAZDON, R., EWERS, R.M., HARVEY, C.A., PERES, C.A. & SODHI, N.S., 2009.- Prospects for tropical forest biodiversity in a human‐modified world. Ecology Letters, 12(6): 561-582.
GILLESPIE, T.W., 1999.- Life history characteristics and rarity of woody plants in tropical dry forest fragments of Central America. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 15(5): 637-649.
GOOSEN, D., 1971.- Physiography and soils of the Llanos Orientales, Colombia. International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences.
HADDAD, N.M., BRUDVIG, L.A., CLOBERT, J., DAVIES, K.F., GONZALEZ, A., HOLT, R.D., LOVEJOY, T.E., SEXTON, J.O., AUSTIN, M.P. & COLLINS, C.D., 2015.- Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems. Science Advances, 1(2): e1500052
HARRIS, L.D., 2013.- The fragmented forest: island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. University of Chicago Press.
HECK JR., K.L., VAN BELLE, G. & SIMBERLOFF, D., 1975.- Explicit calculation of the rarefaction diversity measurement and the determination of sufficient sample size. Ecology, 56(6): 1459-1461.
HOLDRIDGE, L.R., 1967.- Life zone ecology. Life zone ecology. (rev. ed.).
HUBBELL, S.P., 2001.- The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography (MPB-32). Princeton University Press.
HURLBERT, S.H., 1971.- The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology, 52(4): 577-586.
HUTCHINSON, G.E., 1991.- Population studies: Animal ecology and demography. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 53(1-2): 193-213.
JANZEN, D.H., 1983.- No park is an island: increase in interference from outside as park size decreases. Pp. 192-202. Ecosystem management. Springer. 192-202 pp.
JANZEN, D.H., 1986.- The future of tropical ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17(1): 305-324.
JOSHI, A.A., MUDAPPA, D. & RAMAN, T.S., 2015.- Invasive alien species in relation to edges and forest structure in tropical rainforest fragments of the Western Ghats. Tropical Ecology, 56(2): 233-244.
KATTAN, G.H., ÁLVAREZ‐LÓPEZ, H. & GIRALDO, M., 1994.- Forest fragmentation and bird extinctions: San Antonio eighty years later. Conservation Biology, 8(1): 138-146.
LAURANCE, W.F., 1991.- Edge effects in tropical forest fragments: application of a model for the design of nature reserves. Biological Conservation, 57(2):205-219.
LECK, C.F., 1979.- Avian extinctions in an isolated tropical wet-forest preserve, Ecuador. The Auk, 96(2): 343-352.
LEIBOLD, M.A., 2008.- Ecology: return of the niche. Nature, 454(7200): 39.
LIU, J., WILSON, M., HU, G., LIU, J., WU, J. & YU, M., 2018.- How does habitat fragmentation affect the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relationship? Landscape Ecology, 33(3): 341-352.
LÔBO, D., LEÃO, T., MELO, F.P., SANTOS, A.M. & TABARELLI, M., 2011.- Forest fragmentation drives Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil to biotic homogenization. Diversity and Distributions, 17(2): 287-296.
LUGO, A.E., 1992.- Comparison of Tropical Tree Plantations with Secondary Forests of Similar Age: Ecological Archives M062-001. Ecological Monographs, 62(1): 1-41.
MCCOY, E.D., 1982.- The application of island-biogeographic theory to forest tracts: problems in the determination of turnover rates. Biological Conservation, 22(3): 217-227.
MEAVE, J. & KELLMAN, M., 1994.- Maintenance of rain forest diversity in riparian forests of tropical savannas: implications for species conservation during Pleistocene drought. Journal of Biogeography: 121-135.
NEKOLA, J.C. & WHITE, P.S., 1999.- The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology. Journal of Biogeography, 26(4): 867-878.
NEPSTAD, D., UHL, C. & SERRAO, E.A., 1990.- Surmounting barriers to forest regeneration in abandoned, highly degraded pastures: a case study from Paragominas, Pará, Brazil. Alternatives to deforestation: steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest: 215-229.
NOSS, R.F., 1983.- A regional landscape approach to maintain diversity. BioScience, 33(11): 700-706.
OLDEN, J.D. & ROONEY, T.P., 2006.- On defining and quantifying biotic homogenization. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15(2): 113-120.
QIAN, H. & GUO, Q., 2010.- Linking biotic homogenization to habitat type, invasiveness and growth form of naturalized alien plants in North America. Diversity and Distributions, 16(1): 119-125.
ROBERTSON, G.P., 1987.- Geostatistics in Ecology: Interpolating With Known Variance: Ecological Archives E068-003. Ecology, 68(3): 744-748.
SANDERS, H.L., 1968.- Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. The American Naturalist, 102(925): 243-282.
SAUNDERS, D.A., HOBBS, R.J. & MARGULES, C.R., 1991.- Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology, 5(1): 18-32.
SIMBERLOFF, D., 1992.- Species-area relationships, fragmentation, and extinction in tropical forests. Malayan Nature Journal, 45: 398-413.
SMITH, W. & GRASSLE, J.F., 1977.- Sampling properties of a family of diversity measures. Biometrics: 283-292.
SOININEN, J., MCDONALD, R. & HILLEBRAND, H., 2007.- The distance decay of similarity in ecological communities. Ecography, 30(1): 3-12.
TAKKIS, K., KULL, T., HALLIKMA, T., JAKSI, P., KALJUND, K., KAUER, K., KULL, T., KURINA, O., KÜLVIK, M. & LANNO, K., 2018.- Drivers of species richness and community integrity of small forest patches in an agricultural landscape. Journal of Vegetation Science, 29(6): 978-988.
TUOMISTO, H., RUOKOLAINEN, K. & YLI-HALLA, M., 2003.- Dispersal, environment, and floristic variation of western Amazonian forests. Science, 299(5604): 241-244.
TURNER, I., 1996.- Species loss in fragments of tropical rain forest: a review of the evidence. Journal of Applied Ecology: 200-209.
VIÑA, A. & CAVELIER, J., 1999.- Deforestation Rates (1938–1988) of Tropical Lowland Forests on the Andean Foothills of Colombia 1. Biotropica, 31(1): 31-36.
WHITFIELD, J., 2002-. Ecology: neutrality versus the niche. Nature, 417: 480-481.
WHITTAKER, R.H., 1972.- Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon: 213-251.
ZULUAGA-RAMÍREZ, S., HERNÁNDEZ-CAMACHO, J. & BARBOSA, C., 1994.- Notas para la caracterización preliminar de las principales unidades ecológicas de la zona Caño Limón, Arauca. Trianea, 5: 85-100.
BIERREGAARD JR., R.O., LOVEJOY, T.E., KAPOS, V., DOS SANTOS, A.A. & HUTCHINGS, R.W., 1992.- The biological
dynamics of tropical rainforest fragments. BioScience: 859-866.
BLANDÓN, A.C., PERELMAN, S.B., RAMÍREZ, M., LÓPEZ, A., JAVIER, O. & ROBBINS, C.S., 2016.- Temporal bird
community dynamics are strongly affected by landscape fragmentation in a Central American tropical forest region. Biodiversity and conservation, 25(2): 311-330.
BROWN, S. & LUGO, A.E., 1990.- Tropical secondary forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6(1): 1-32.
CHAPMAN, J.I., MYERS, A.L., BURKY, A.J. & MCEWAN, R.W., 2015.- Edge Effects, Invasion, and the Spatial Pattern of HerbLayer Biodiversity in an Old-Growth Deciduous Forest Fragment. Natural Areas Journal, 35(3): 439-452.
CHAZDON, R., 1999.- Tropical forests: Log them or leave them? Science 281: 1295.
COTTAM, G. & CURTIS, J.T., 1956.- The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. Ecology, 37(3): 451-460.
COTTAM, G., CURTIS, J.T. & HALE, B.W., 1953.- Some sampling characteristics of a population of randomly dispersed individuals. Ecology, 34(4): 741-757.
DE PAULA MATEUS, D., GROENEVELD, J., FISCHER, R., TAUBERT, F., MARTINS, V.F. & HUTH, A., 2018.- Defaunation
impacts on seed survival and its effect on the biomass of future tropical forests. Oikos, 127(10): 1526-1538.
DEL PLIEGO, P.G., SCHEFFERS, B.R., BASHAM, E.W., WOODCOCK, P., WHEELER, C., GILROY, J.J., URIBE, C.A.M.,
HAUGAASEN, T., FRECKLETON, R.P. & EDWARDS, D.P., 2016.- Thermally buffered microhabitats recovery in tropical secondary forests following land abandonment. Biological Conservation, 201: 385-395.
DODSON, C.H. & GENTRY, A.H., 1991.- Biological extinction in western Ecuador. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden: 273-295.
ELLENBERG, D. & MUELLER-DOMBOIS, D., 1974.- Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. Wiley New York.
FOTHERINGHAM, A.S., 1981.- Spatial structure and distance-decay parameters. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 71(3): 425-436.
FOTHERINGHAM, A.S., BRUNSDON, C. & CHARLTON, M., 2003.- Geographically weighted regression: the analysis of spatially varying relationships. John Wiley & Sons.
GARDNER, T.A., BARLOW, J., CHAZDON, R., EWERS, R.M., HARVEY, C.A., PERES, C.A. & SODHI, N.S., 2009.- Prospects for tropical forest biodiversity in a human‐modified world. Ecology Letters, 12(6): 561-582.
GILLESPIE, T.W., 1999.- Life history characteristics and rarity of woody plants in tropical dry forest fragments of Central America. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 15(5): 637-649.
GOOSEN, D., 1971.- Physiography and soils of the Llanos Orientales, Colombia. International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences.
HADDAD, N.M., BRUDVIG, L.A., CLOBERT, J., DAVIES, K.F., GONZALEZ, A., HOLT, R.D., LOVEJOY, T.E., SEXTON, J.O., AUSTIN, M.P. & COLLINS, C.D., 2015.- Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems. Science Advances, 1(2): e1500052
HARRIS, L.D., 2013.- The fragmented forest: island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. University of Chicago Press.
HECK JR., K.L., VAN BELLE, G. & SIMBERLOFF, D., 1975.- Explicit calculation of the rarefaction diversity measurement and the determination of sufficient sample size. Ecology, 56(6): 1459-1461.
HOLDRIDGE, L.R., 1967.- Life zone ecology. Life zone ecology. (rev. ed.).
HUBBELL, S.P., 2001.- The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography (MPB-32). Princeton University Press.
HURLBERT, S.H., 1971.- The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology, 52(4): 577-586.
HUTCHINSON, G.E., 1991.- Population studies: Animal ecology and demography. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 53(1-2): 193-213.
JANZEN, D.H., 1983.- No park is an island: increase in interference from outside as park size decreases. Pp. 192-202. Ecosystem management. Springer. 192-202 pp.
JANZEN, D.H., 1986.- The future of tropical ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17(1): 305-324.
JOSHI, A.A., MUDAPPA, D. & RAMAN, T.S., 2015.- Invasive alien species in relation to edges and forest structure in tropical rainforest fragments of the Western Ghats. Tropical Ecology, 56(2): 233-244.
KATTAN, G.H., ÁLVAREZ‐LÓPEZ, H. & GIRALDO, M., 1994.- Forest fragmentation and bird extinctions: San Antonio eighty years later. Conservation Biology, 8(1): 138-146.
LAURANCE, W.F., 1991.- Edge effects in tropical forest fragments: application of a model for the design of nature reserves. Biological Conservation, 57(2):205-219.
LECK, C.F., 1979.- Avian extinctions in an isolated tropical wet-forest preserve, Ecuador. The Auk, 96(2): 343-352.
LEIBOLD, M.A., 2008.- Ecology: return of the niche. Nature, 454(7200): 39.
LIU, J., WILSON, M., HU, G., LIU, J., WU, J. & YU, M., 2018.- How does habitat fragmentation affect the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relationship? Landscape Ecology, 33(3): 341-352.
LÔBO, D., LEÃO, T., MELO, F.P., SANTOS, A.M. & TABARELLI, M., 2011.- Forest fragmentation drives Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil to biotic homogenization. Diversity and Distributions, 17(2): 287-296.
LUGO, A.E., 1992.- Comparison of Tropical Tree Plantations with Secondary Forests of Similar Age: Ecological Archives M062-001. Ecological Monographs, 62(1): 1-41.
MCCOY, E.D., 1982.- The application of island-biogeographic theory to forest tracts: problems in the determination of turnover rates. Biological Conservation, 22(3): 217-227.
MEAVE, J. & KELLMAN, M., 1994.- Maintenance of rain forest diversity in riparian forests of tropical savannas: implications for species conservation during Pleistocene drought. Journal of Biogeography: 121-135.
NEKOLA, J.C. & WHITE, P.S., 1999.- The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology. Journal of Biogeography, 26(4): 867-878.
NEPSTAD, D., UHL, C. & SERRAO, E.A., 1990.- Surmounting barriers to forest regeneration in abandoned, highly degraded pastures: a case study from Paragominas, Pará, Brazil. Alternatives to deforestation: steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest: 215-229.
NOSS, R.F., 1983.- A regional landscape approach to maintain diversity. BioScience, 33(11): 700-706.
OLDEN, J.D. & ROONEY, T.P., 2006.- On defining and quantifying biotic homogenization. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15(2): 113-120.
QIAN, H. & GUO, Q., 2010.- Linking biotic homogenization to habitat type, invasiveness and growth form of naturalized alien plants in North America. Diversity and Distributions, 16(1): 119-125.
ROBERTSON, G.P., 1987.- Geostatistics in Ecology: Interpolating With Known Variance: Ecological Archives E068-003. Ecology, 68(3): 744-748.
SANDERS, H.L., 1968.- Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. The American Naturalist, 102(925): 243-282.
SAUNDERS, D.A., HOBBS, R.J. & MARGULES, C.R., 1991.- Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology, 5(1): 18-32.
SIMBERLOFF, D., 1992.- Species-area relationships, fragmentation, and extinction in tropical forests. Malayan Nature Journal, 45: 398-413.
SMITH, W. & GRASSLE, J.F., 1977.- Sampling properties of a family of diversity measures. Biometrics: 283-292.
SOININEN, J., MCDONALD, R. & HILLEBRAND, H., 2007.- The distance decay of similarity in ecological communities. Ecography, 30(1): 3-12.
TAKKIS, K., KULL, T., HALLIKMA, T., JAKSI, P., KALJUND, K., KAUER, K., KULL, T., KURINA, O., KÜLVIK, M. & LANNO, K., 2018.- Drivers of species richness and community integrity of small forest patches in an agricultural landscape. Journal of Vegetation Science, 29(6): 978-988.
TUOMISTO, H., RUOKOLAINEN, K. & YLI-HALLA, M., 2003.- Dispersal, environment, and floristic variation of western Amazonian forests. Science, 299(5604): 241-244.
TURNER, I., 1996.- Species loss in fragments of tropical rain forest: a review of the evidence. Journal of Applied Ecology: 200-209.
VIÑA, A. & CAVELIER, J., 1999.- Deforestation Rates (1938–1988) of Tropical Lowland Forests on the Andean Foothills of Colombia 1. Biotropica, 31(1): 31-36.
WHITFIELD, J., 2002-. Ecology: neutrality versus the niche. Nature, 417: 480-481.
WHITTAKER, R.H., 1972.- Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon: 213-251.
ZULUAGA-RAMÍREZ, S., HERNÁNDEZ-CAMACHO, J. & BARBOSA, C., 1994.- Notas para la caracterización preliminar de las principales unidades ecológicas de la zona Caño Limón, Arauca. Trianea, 5: 85-100.
