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Vega Castro, D. A., & Vega Clavijo, L. T. (2022). Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia. Luna Azul, (54), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2022.54.6
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Daniel Andrés Vega Castro
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Lili Tatiana Vega Clavijo
Resumen
Se analizaron muestras de lechuga, suelo y agua de riego en huertos urbanos de la ciudad de Bogotá para la detección y cuantificación de plomo (Pb), cadmio (Cd), cromo (Cr), níquel (Ni), arsénico (As) y mercurio (Hg). Las concentraciones de metales de los suelos y hortalizas variaron según la ubicación del huerto urbano; todos los metales detectados en los suelos y la lechuga estaban por debajo de los valores permisibles de referencia (estándares locales e internacionales); no se detectaron metales pesados en las aguas de riego; suelos, concentraciones de metales de las aguas de riego y lechuga no se correlacionaron, lo que permitió concluir que, la agricultura urbana no debe representar un riesgo químico significativo para la salud de los consumidores por la posible ingesta de estos metales pesados y/o elementos traza. No obstante, es necesario continuar investigando sobre esta importante temática, la cual se relaciona directamente con la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria, que debería permitir actualizar y/o generar bases para el establecimiento de niveles de referencia frente al contenido de metales y elementos traza en aguas, suelos y alimentos hortofrutícolas.
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Castro, J., Ostoić, S. K., González, P. C., Fini, A., & Sitzia, T. (2018). Ciudades inclusivas y sostenibles con bosques urbanos «comestibles». Unasylva: revista internacional de silvicultura e industrias forestales, 69(250), 59-65. https://www.fao.org/3/I8707ES/i8707es.pdf
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Colombian Agricultural Institute (CORPOICA). (n.d.). Guide for soil sampling.
Colombian Institute of Technical Standards and Certification (ICONTEC). (2011). NTC 5167. Agricultural Industry Products. Organic Products Used as Fertilizers and Soil Amendments.
Combariza. B. (2009). Heavy metals pollution of Muña Reservoir and its relation between blood levels of cadmium, lead and mercury, and health effects of Sibaté town (Cundinamarca) [master thesis Universidad Nacional de Colombia]. Biblioteca digital. https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/70168
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European Union. (2017). Maximum levels for heavy metals in foodstuffs. heavy metals. revision March 2017.
Fernández, G. & Guzmán, A. (2000). Presencia Antropogénica de Cromo (Cr) en el Ambiente y su Impacto en la Salud de los Pobladores de las Toscas (Santa Fe - Argentina). Ambiente Ecológico. UNCPBA. Centro de Investigaciones Ecogeográficas y Ambientales Tandil – Argentina.
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Galán. E & Romero. A. (2008). Contaminación de Suelos por Metales Pesados. Revista de la sociedad española de mineralogía, 0(10),48-86
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https://sede.educacion.gob.es/publiventa/PdfServlet?pdf=VP18899.pdf&area=E
Ghimire, S. R. & Johnston, J. M. (2019). Sustainability assessment of agricultural rainwater harvesting: Evaluation of alternative crop types and irrigation practices. PloS one,14(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216452
Kostova, B. (s. f.). Programa de las naciones unidas para el medio ambiente. Naciones Unidas y El Estado de Derecho. Recuperado 1 de noviembre de 2021, de Link
McBride, M., Shayler. H., Spliethoff. H., Mitchell, R., Márquez, L., Ferenz, G., Russell-Anelli. J., Casey, L. & Bachmand. S. (2014). Concentrations of lead. cadmium and barium in urban garden-grown vegetables: the impact of soil variables. Environmental Pollution. 194. 254-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.036
Mexico. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. (2 March 2007). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. Criteria to determine the remediation concentrations of soils contaminated by arsenic. barium. beryllium. cadmium. hexavalent chromium. mercury. nickel. silver. Pb. selenium. thallium and/or vanadium.
Montaño-López, F. & Biswas, A. (2021). Are heavy metals in urban garden soils linked to vulnerable populations? A case study from Guelph, Canada. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 11286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90368-3
National Institute of Health (INS). (2011). Instruction manual for the collection of drinking water samples for laboratory analysis. Laboratory Surveillance Program for the Quality of Water for Human Consumption.
Nava R., C., & Méndez, M. (2011). Efectos neurotóxicos de metales pesados (cadmio, plomo, arsénico y talio. Archivos de Neurociencias, 16(3).
https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/arcneu/ane-2011/ane113f.pdf
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. (2003). Consolidated text produced by the system of the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. CONSLEG: 1986L0278 — 05/06/2003. Link
Piagessi, A. (Ed.) (2004). Los microelementos en la nutrición vegetal. VALAGRO SpA.
Reyes, Y., Vergara, I., Torres, O., Díaz-Lagos, M., & González-Jiménez, E. (2016). Contaminación por metales pesados: Implicaciones en salud, ambiente y seguridad alimentaria. Ingeniería Investigación y Desarrollo, 16(2), 66-77. https://doi.org/10.19053/1900771X.v16.n2.2016.5447
Rieuwerts, J.S., Thonton, I., Farago. M. & Ashmore. M. (1998). Factors influencing metals bioavailability in soils: preliminary investigations for the development of a critical loads approach for metals. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability,10(2), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.3184/095422998782775835
Säumel, I., Kotsyuk, I., Hölscher. M., Lenkereit, C., Weber, F. & Kowarik, I. (2012). How healthy is urban horticulture in high traffic areas? Trace metal concentrations in vegetable crops from plantings within inner city neighbourhoods in Berlin. Germany. Environmental Pollution,165,124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.019
Secretary of Mobility. (2016). Mobility in Figures 2016. Mayor's Office of Bogota.
Torres, A., Méndez-Fajardo, S., Gutiérrez Torres, Á. P., & Sandoval, S. (2013). Quality of rainwater runoff on roofs and its relation to uses and rain characteristics in the villa Alexandra and acacias neighborhoods of Kennedy, Bogotá, Colombia. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 139(10), 1273-1278. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000746
United Nations. (2019). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2019.pdf
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2010). Lead and other heavy metals in community garden soils. National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Annual report.
United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA (1994). Revised Interim Soil Lead Guidance for CERCLA Sites and RCRA Corrective Action Facilities. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Directive 9355.4-12.
Vega, D. A. (2016). Sistema aeropónico automatizado para la producción de hortalizas. Revista de la Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería, (102), 63-68.
Vega, D.A. & Salamanca, A.P. (2016). Contenidos de Pb en Acelga común Beta vulgaris L. producida en el contexto de la agricultura urbana (Bogotá. Colombia). Revista Luna Azul,42,44-53. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2016.42.5
Vega. D.A & Vega. T. (2021). Contenidos de Plomo en Hortalizas Cultivadas en Huertos Urbanos de la Ciudad de Bogotá Colombia. Revista Idesia. 39 (3)
Wuana, R. & Okieimen, F. (2011). Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation. International Scholarly Research Notices, Ecology, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647
Antisari, L., Orsini, F., Marchetti, L., Vianello, G., & Gianquinto, G. (2015). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in urban gardens. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 1139 –1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0308-z
Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. (2016). Schedule 19 – Maximum levels of contaminants and natural toxicants (pp. 1–7). Attorney-General’s Department.
Botanical Garden of Bogota José Celestino Mutis. (2018). Technical and Operational Subdirection. Urban Agriculture Project.
Brown, S. L., Chaney, R. L., & Hettiarachchi, G. M. (2016). Lead in Urban Soils: a Real or Perceived Concern for Urban Agriculture? Journal of environmental quality, 45(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.07.0376
Castro, J., Ostoić, S. K., González, P. C., Fini, A., & Sitzia, T. (2018). Ciudades inclusivas y sostenibles con bosques urbanos «comestibles». Unasylva: revista internacional de silvicultura e industrias forestales, 69(250), 59-65. https://www.fao.org/3/I8707ES/i8707es.pdf
Chubaka, C. E., Whiley, H., Edwards, J. W. & Ross. K. E. (2018). A Review of Roof Harvested Rainwater in Australia. Journal of environmental and public health, 2018,1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6471324
Colombia. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. (26 June 1984). Decree 1594 of 1984. Use of water and solid waste. Official Gazette no. 36.700
Colombia. Ministry of Environment. Housing and Territorial Development and Ministry of Mines and Energy. (June 21, 2006) Resolution no. 1180 Whereby Resolutions 1565 and 1289 of December 27, 2004 and September 7, 2005, respectively, are partially modified. Official Gazette no. 46308.
Colombia. Ministry of Health and Social Protection. (October 30, 2013). Resolution 4506 Maximum levels of contaminants in food intended for human consumption and other provisions. Official journal no. 48960.
Colombia. Ministry of Mines and Energy. (June 27, 1997). Decree 1697 of 1997, which partially modifies Decree 948 of 1995, which contains the Regulation for the Protection and Control of Air Quality. Official Gazette no. 43079.
Colombian Agricultural Institute (CORPOICA). (n.d.). Guide for soil sampling.
Colombian Institute of Technical Standards and Certification (ICONTEC). (2011). NTC 5167. Agricultural Industry Products. Organic Products Used as Fertilizers and Soil Amendments.
Combariza. B. (2009). Heavy metals pollution of Muña Reservoir and its relation between blood levels of cadmium, lead and mercury, and health effects of Sibaté town (Cundinamarca) [master thesis Universidad Nacional de Colombia]. Biblioteca digital. https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/70168
Commission of the European Communities. (2000). Report from the commission to the council and the european parliament on the implementation of community waste legislation. Brussels. https://www.fomento.gob.es/AZ.BBMF.Web/documentacion/pdf/com2006_0406.pdf Retrieved.
European Union. (2017). Maximum levels for heavy metals in foodstuffs. heavy metals. revision March 2017.
Fernández, G. & Guzmán, A. (2000). Presencia Antropogénica de Cromo (Cr) en el Ambiente y su Impacto en la Salud de los Pobladores de las Toscas (Santa Fe - Argentina). Ambiente Ecológico. UNCPBA. Centro de Investigaciones Ecogeográficas y Ambientales Tandil – Argentina.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1995). General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed. CODEX STAN 193-1995. Amendment 2015, FAO. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/livestockgov/documents/CXS_193s.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2004). Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of lead in food, CXC 56-2004, FAO.
Galán. E & Romero. A. (2008). Contaminación de Suelos por Metales Pesados. Revista de la sociedad española de mineralogía, 0(10),48-86
Gay Méndez, A. (2017). Nutrición. Colección Aula mentor. Serie Salud. Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte España. CamSa.
https://sede.educacion.gob.es/publiventa/PdfServlet?pdf=VP18899.pdf&area=E
Ghimire, S. R. & Johnston, J. M. (2019). Sustainability assessment of agricultural rainwater harvesting: Evaluation of alternative crop types and irrigation practices. PloS one,14(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216452
Kostova, B. (s. f.). Programa de las naciones unidas para el medio ambiente. Naciones Unidas y El Estado de Derecho. Recuperado 1 de noviembre de 2021, de Link
McBride, M., Shayler. H., Spliethoff. H., Mitchell, R., Márquez, L., Ferenz, G., Russell-Anelli. J., Casey, L. & Bachmand. S. (2014). Concentrations of lead. cadmium and barium in urban garden-grown vegetables: the impact of soil variables. Environmental Pollution. 194. 254-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.036
Mexico. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. (2 March 2007). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. Criteria to determine the remediation concentrations of soils contaminated by arsenic. barium. beryllium. cadmium. hexavalent chromium. mercury. nickel. silver. Pb. selenium. thallium and/or vanadium.
Montaño-López, F. & Biswas, A. (2021). Are heavy metals in urban garden soils linked to vulnerable populations? A case study from Guelph, Canada. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 11286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90368-3
National Institute of Health (INS). (2011). Instruction manual for the collection of drinking water samples for laboratory analysis. Laboratory Surveillance Program for the Quality of Water for Human Consumption.
Nava R., C., & Méndez, M. (2011). Efectos neurotóxicos de metales pesados (cadmio, plomo, arsénico y talio. Archivos de Neurociencias, 16(3).
https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/arcneu/ane-2011/ane113f.pdf
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. (2003). Consolidated text produced by the system of the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. CONSLEG: 1986L0278 — 05/06/2003. Link
Piagessi, A. (Ed.) (2004). Los microelementos en la nutrición vegetal. VALAGRO SpA.
Reyes, Y., Vergara, I., Torres, O., Díaz-Lagos, M., & González-Jiménez, E. (2016). Contaminación por metales pesados: Implicaciones en salud, ambiente y seguridad alimentaria. Ingeniería Investigación y Desarrollo, 16(2), 66-77. https://doi.org/10.19053/1900771X.v16.n2.2016.5447
Rieuwerts, J.S., Thonton, I., Farago. M. & Ashmore. M. (1998). Factors influencing metals bioavailability in soils: preliminary investigations for the development of a critical loads approach for metals. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability,10(2), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.3184/095422998782775835
Säumel, I., Kotsyuk, I., Hölscher. M., Lenkereit, C., Weber, F. & Kowarik, I. (2012). How healthy is urban horticulture in high traffic areas? Trace metal concentrations in vegetable crops from plantings within inner city neighbourhoods in Berlin. Germany. Environmental Pollution,165,124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.019
Secretary of Mobility. (2016). Mobility in Figures 2016. Mayor's Office of Bogota.
Torres, A., Méndez-Fajardo, S., Gutiérrez Torres, Á. P., & Sandoval, S. (2013). Quality of rainwater runoff on roofs and its relation to uses and rain characteristics in the villa Alexandra and acacias neighborhoods of Kennedy, Bogotá, Colombia. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 139(10), 1273-1278. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000746
United Nations. (2019). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2019.pdf
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2010). Lead and other heavy metals in community garden soils. National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Annual report.
United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA (1994). Revised Interim Soil Lead Guidance for CERCLA Sites and RCRA Corrective Action Facilities. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Directive 9355.4-12.
Vega, D. A. (2016). Sistema aeropónico automatizado para la producción de hortalizas. Revista de la Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería, (102), 63-68.
Vega, D.A. & Salamanca, A.P. (2016). Contenidos de Pb en Acelga común Beta vulgaris L. producida en el contexto de la agricultura urbana (Bogotá. Colombia). Revista Luna Azul,42,44-53. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2016.42.5
Vega. D.A & Vega. T. (2021). Contenidos de Plomo en Hortalizas Cultivadas en Huertos Urbanos de la Ciudad de Bogotá Colombia. Revista Idesia. 39 (3)
Wuana, R. & Okieimen, F. (2011). Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation. International Scholarly Research Notices, Ecology, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647
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