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Pérez Duque, L. A. (2023). Investigación sobre microdosificación con hongos psilocibios: un artículo de reflexión. Cultura Y Droga, 28(35), 50–69. https://doi.org/10.17151/culdr.2023.28.35.3
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Laura Andrea Pérez Duque
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Este artículo de reflexión sobre microdosificación con psilocibina se hizo con base en estudios observacionales, ensayos clínicos, una revisión sistemática y un estudio sociológico. La búsqueda se hizo en Pubmed usando los descriptores “psilocybin” y “microdosing”. Se tomaron artículos desde 2019 hasta enero de 2023, en inglés, enfocados en la microdosificación con psilocibina y principalmente del ámbito de las ciencias de la salud, que estudiaran sus efectos en la salud mental, el bienestar y en procesos neurológicos de tipo cognitivo y psicomotor, así como el rol de las expectativas en la aplicación clínica de la psilocibina o los psiquedélicos en general. El objetivo fue comprender hacia dónde apunta la evidencia científica en este tema y qué factores se deben seguir considerando para la investigación clínica. Otros artículos se incluyeron por su relevancia en el tema. Los estudios que más reflejan los efectos positivos son reportes anecdóticos, pero hay una dificultad para replicar dichos resultados en estudios controlados. La revisión sistemática no especifica los resultados en relación con la psilocibina, pero se encontró una mejoría general de la salud mental; en relación con la ansiedad y el estrés los resultados fueron mixtos; se encontraron desenlaces positivos en creatividad y bienestar. Se percibe la dificultad en aislar la influencia de las expectativas y el placebo. En estudios de laboratorio las muestras son muy pequeñas para ser significativas. Los estudios sociológicos pueden contribuir con la mejor comprensión de aspectos cualitativos. El estado actual de la investigación sobre microdosificación con psilocibina puede informar los escenarios de la investigación a futuro tanto en las fases preclínicas como clínicas con atención en los factores de confusión, así como aspectos cualitativos y propios de esta práctica. No menos importante será su contribución en la salud pública.
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Anderson, T., Petranker, R., Rosenbaum, D., Weissman, C. R., Dinh-Williams, L. A., Hui, K., Hapke, E. y Farb, N. A. S. (2019). Microdosing psychedelics: personality, mental health, and creativity differences in microdosers. Psychopharmacology, 236(2), 731-740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5106-2
Bourzat, F. y Hunter, K. (2019). Consciousness Medicine: Indigenous Wisdom, Entheogens, and Expanded States of Consciousness for Healing and Growth.North Athlantic Books.
Bouso, J. C., dos Santos, R. G., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á. y Hallak, J. E. C. (2018). Serotonergic psychedelics and personality: A systematic review of contemporary research. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 87, 118-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.004
Burns, J. (2017, August 28). FDA Designates MDMA As “Breakthrough https://cutt.ly/zwqXAN2X
Cameron, L. P., Nazarian, A. y Olson, D. E. (2020). Psychedelic Microdosing: Prevalence and Subjective Effects. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 52(2), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1718250
Carhart-Harris, R. L. y Friston, K. J. (2019). REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 71(3), 316-344. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Whalley, M. G., Bolstridge, M., Feilding, A. y Nutt, D. J. (2015). LSD enhances suggestibility in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 232(4), 785-794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3714-z
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Erritzoe, D., Watts, R., Branchi, I. y Kaelen, M. (2018). Psychedelics and the essential importance of context. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(7), 725-731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118754710
Cavanna, F., Muller, S., de la Fuente, L. A., Zamberlan, F., Palmucci, M., Janeckova, L., Kuchar, M., Pallavicini, C. y Tagliazucchi, E. (2022). Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Translational Psychiatry, 12(1), 307. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02039-0
Clarke, S., Savulescu, J., Coady, T., Giubilini, A. y Sanyal, S. (2016). The Ethics of Human Enhancement (S. Clarke, J. Savulescu, T. Coady, A. Giubilini, & S. Sanyal, Eds.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754855.001.0001
Doblin, R. E., Christiansen, M., Jerome, L. y Burge, B. (2019). The Past and Future of Psychedelic Science: An Introduction to This Issue. In Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(2), 93-97). https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1606472
Dupuis, D. (2021). Psychedelics as Tools for Belief Transmission. Set, Setting, Suggestibility, and Persuasion in the Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730031
Fadiman, J. y Korb, S. (2019). Might Microdosing Psychedelics Be Safe and Beneficial? An Initial Exploration. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(2), 118-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1593561
Garlick, H. (2019, May 3). ‘It makes me enjoy playing with the kids’: Is microdosing mushrooms going mainstream? Https://Www.Theguardian.Com/Science/ 2019/May/03/Psychedelic-Drugs-Women-Taking-Tiny-Doseshattie- Garlick
Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Russ, S., Nutt, D., Daws, R. E., Hampshire, A. D. G., Lorenz, R. y Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). Predicting Responses to Psychedelics: A Prospective Study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897
Harman, W. W., Mckim, R. H., Mogar, R. E., Fadiman, A. N. D., y Stolaroff, M. J. (1966). Psychedelic agents in creative problem-solving: a pilot, 19. @ Southern Universities Press.
Hartong, V. y van Emmerik, A. (2022). Psychedelic Microdosing, Mindfulness, and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2080616
Hutten, N. R. P. W., Mason, N. L., Dolder, P. C. y Kuypers, K. P. C. (2019). Motives and side-effects of microdosing with psychedelics among users. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 22(7), 426-434. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyz029
Johnstad, P. G. (2018). Powerful substances in tiny amounts. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 35(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1455072517753339
Kaertner, L. S., Steinborn, M. B., Kettner, H., Spriggs, M. J., Roseman, L., Buchborn, T., Balaet, M., Timmermann, C., Erritzoe, D. y Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021). Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81446-7
Kuc, J., Kettner, H., Rosas, F., Erritzoe, D., Haijen, E., Kaelen, M., Nutt, D. y Carhart Harris, R. L. (2022). Psychedelic experience dose-dependently modulated by cannabis: results of a prospective online survey. Psychopharmacology, 239(5), 1425-1440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05999-1
Kuypers, K. P. C., Ng, L., Erritzoe, D., Knudsen, G. M., Nichols, C. D., Nichols, D. E., Pani, L., Soula, A. y Nutt, D. (2019). Microdosing psychedelics: More questions than answers? An overview and suggestions for future research. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 33(9), 1039-1057. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119857204
Lea, T., Amada, N. y Jungaberle, H. (2020). Psychedelic Microdosing: A Subreddit Analysis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 52(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1683260
Lea, T., Amada, N., Jungaberle, H., Schecke, H., Scherbaum, N. y Klein, M. (2020). Perceived outcomes of psychedelic microdosing as self-managed therapies for mental and substance use disorders. Psychopharmacology, 237(5), 1521-1532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05477-0
Liokaftos, D. (2021). Sociological investigations of human enhancement drugs: The case of microdosing psychedelics. International Journal of Drug Policy, 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103099
Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 68(2), 264-355. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478
Oregon Health Authority. (2023). Servicios de Psilocibina de Oregon. https://cutt.ly/xwqXSZDI
Polito, V. y Liknaitzky, P. (2022). The emerging science of microdosing: A systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics (1955-2021) and recommendations for the field. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104706
Polito, V. y Stevenson, R. J. (2019). A systematic study of microdosing psychedelics. PLoS ONE, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211023
Rootman, J. M., Kiraga, M., Kryskow, P., Harvey, K., Stamets, P., Santos-Brault, E., Kuypers, K. P. C. y Walsh, Z. (2022). Psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non microdosing controls. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11091. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14512-3
Rootman, J. M., Kryskow, P., Harvey, K., Stamets, P., Santos-Brault, E., Kuypers, K. P. C., Polito, V., Bourzat, F. y Walsh, Z. (2021). Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01811-4
Rosenbaum, D., Weissman, C., Anderson, T., Petranker, R., Dinh-Williams, L. A., Hui, K. y Hapke, E. (2020). Microdosing psychedelics: Demographics, practices, and psychiatric comorbidities. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 34(6), 612-622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120908004
Schenberg, E. E. (2021). Who is blind in psychedelic research? Letter to the editor regarding: blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 14(10), 1317-1319. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2021.1951473
Siebert, A. (2020, November 13). Microdosing psychedelics is trendy, but does it work? Here’s what science says. https://cutt.ly/BwqXS3Ad
Szigeti, B., Kartner, L., Blemings, A., Rosas, F., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J., Carhart Harris, R. L. y Erritzoe, D. (2021). Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing. ELife, 10. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.62878
van Elk, M., Fejer, G., Lempe, P., Prochazckova, L., Kuchar, M., Hajkova, K. y Marschall, J. (2022). Effects of psilocybin microdosing on awe and aesthetic experiences: a preregistered field and lab-based study. Psychopharmacology, 239(6), 1705-1720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05857-0
Wasson, G. (1968). Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Webb, M., Copes, H. y Hendricks, P. S. (2019). Narrative identity, rationality, and microdosing classic psychedelics. International Journal of Drug Policy, 70, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.013
Anderson, T., Petranker, R., Rosenbaum, D., Weissman, C. R., Dinh-Williams, L. A., Hui, K., Hapke, E. y Farb, N. A. S. (2019). Microdosing psychedelics: personality, mental health, and creativity differences in microdosers. Psychopharmacology, 236(2), 731-740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5106-2
Bourzat, F. y Hunter, K. (2019). Consciousness Medicine: Indigenous Wisdom, Entheogens, and Expanded States of Consciousness for Healing and Growth.North Athlantic Books.
Bouso, J. C., dos Santos, R. G., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á. y Hallak, J. E. C. (2018). Serotonergic psychedelics and personality: A systematic review of contemporary research. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 87, 118-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.004
Burns, J. (2017, August 28). FDA Designates MDMA As “Breakthrough https://cutt.ly/zwqXAN2X
Cameron, L. P., Nazarian, A. y Olson, D. E. (2020). Psychedelic Microdosing: Prevalence and Subjective Effects. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 52(2), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1718250
Carhart-Harris, R. L. y Friston, K. J. (2019). REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 71(3), 316-344. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Whalley, M. G., Bolstridge, M., Feilding, A. y Nutt, D. J. (2015). LSD enhances suggestibility in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 232(4), 785-794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3714-z
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Erritzoe, D., Watts, R., Branchi, I. y Kaelen, M. (2018). Psychedelics and the essential importance of context. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(7), 725-731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118754710
Cavanna, F., Muller, S., de la Fuente, L. A., Zamberlan, F., Palmucci, M., Janeckova, L., Kuchar, M., Pallavicini, C. y Tagliazucchi, E. (2022). Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Translational Psychiatry, 12(1), 307. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02039-0
Clarke, S., Savulescu, J., Coady, T., Giubilini, A. y Sanyal, S. (2016). The Ethics of Human Enhancement (S. Clarke, J. Savulescu, T. Coady, A. Giubilini, & S. Sanyal, Eds.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754855.001.0001
Doblin, R. E., Christiansen, M., Jerome, L. y Burge, B. (2019). The Past and Future of Psychedelic Science: An Introduction to This Issue. In Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(2), 93-97). https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1606472
Dupuis, D. (2021). Psychedelics as Tools for Belief Transmission. Set, Setting, Suggestibility, and Persuasion in the Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730031
Fadiman, J. y Korb, S. (2019). Might Microdosing Psychedelics Be Safe and Beneficial? An Initial Exploration. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(2), 118-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1593561
Garlick, H. (2019, May 3). ‘It makes me enjoy playing with the kids’: Is microdosing mushrooms going mainstream? Https://Www.Theguardian.Com/Science/ 2019/May/03/Psychedelic-Drugs-Women-Taking-Tiny-Doseshattie- Garlick
Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Russ, S., Nutt, D., Daws, R. E., Hampshire, A. D. G., Lorenz, R. y Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). Predicting Responses to Psychedelics: A Prospective Study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897
Harman, W. W., Mckim, R. H., Mogar, R. E., Fadiman, A. N. D., y Stolaroff, M. J. (1966). Psychedelic agents in creative problem-solving: a pilot, 19. @ Southern Universities Press.
Hartong, V. y van Emmerik, A. (2022). Psychedelic Microdosing, Mindfulness, and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2080616
Hutten, N. R. P. W., Mason, N. L., Dolder, P. C. y Kuypers, K. P. C. (2019). Motives and side-effects of microdosing with psychedelics among users. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 22(7), 426-434. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyz029
Johnstad, P. G. (2018). Powerful substances in tiny amounts. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 35(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1455072517753339
Kaertner, L. S., Steinborn, M. B., Kettner, H., Spriggs, M. J., Roseman, L., Buchborn, T., Balaet, M., Timmermann, C., Erritzoe, D. y Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021). Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81446-7
Kuc, J., Kettner, H., Rosas, F., Erritzoe, D., Haijen, E., Kaelen, M., Nutt, D. y Carhart Harris, R. L. (2022). Psychedelic experience dose-dependently modulated by cannabis: results of a prospective online survey. Psychopharmacology, 239(5), 1425-1440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05999-1
Kuypers, K. P. C., Ng, L., Erritzoe, D., Knudsen, G. M., Nichols, C. D., Nichols, D. E., Pani, L., Soula, A. y Nutt, D. (2019). Microdosing psychedelics: More questions than answers? An overview and suggestions for future research. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 33(9), 1039-1057. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119857204
Lea, T., Amada, N. y Jungaberle, H. (2020). Psychedelic Microdosing: A Subreddit Analysis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 52(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1683260
Lea, T., Amada, N., Jungaberle, H., Schecke, H., Scherbaum, N. y Klein, M. (2020). Perceived outcomes of psychedelic microdosing as self-managed therapies for mental and substance use disorders. Psychopharmacology, 237(5), 1521-1532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05477-0
Liokaftos, D. (2021). Sociological investigations of human enhancement drugs: The case of microdosing psychedelics. International Journal of Drug Policy, 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103099
Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 68(2), 264-355. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478
Oregon Health Authority. (2023). Servicios de Psilocibina de Oregon. https://cutt.ly/xwqXSZDI
Polito, V. y Liknaitzky, P. (2022). The emerging science of microdosing: A systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics (1955-2021) and recommendations for the field. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104706
Polito, V. y Stevenson, R. J. (2019). A systematic study of microdosing psychedelics. PLoS ONE, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211023
Rootman, J. M., Kiraga, M., Kryskow, P., Harvey, K., Stamets, P., Santos-Brault, E., Kuypers, K. P. C. y Walsh, Z. (2022). Psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non microdosing controls. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11091. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14512-3
Rootman, J. M., Kryskow, P., Harvey, K., Stamets, P., Santos-Brault, E., Kuypers, K. P. C., Polito, V., Bourzat, F. y Walsh, Z. (2021). Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01811-4
Rosenbaum, D., Weissman, C., Anderson, T., Petranker, R., Dinh-Williams, L. A., Hui, K. y Hapke, E. (2020). Microdosing psychedelics: Demographics, practices, and psychiatric comorbidities. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 34(6), 612-622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120908004
Schenberg, E. E. (2021). Who is blind in psychedelic research? Letter to the editor regarding: blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 14(10), 1317-1319. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2021.1951473
Siebert, A. (2020, November 13). Microdosing psychedelics is trendy, but does it work? Here’s what science says. https://cutt.ly/BwqXS3Ad
Szigeti, B., Kartner, L., Blemings, A., Rosas, F., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J., Carhart Harris, R. L. y Erritzoe, D. (2021). Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing. ELife, 10. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.62878
van Elk, M., Fejer, G., Lempe, P., Prochazckova, L., Kuchar, M., Hajkova, K. y Marschall, J. (2022). Effects of psilocybin microdosing on awe and aesthetic experiences: a preregistered field and lab-based study. Psychopharmacology, 239(6), 1705-1720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05857-0
Wasson, G. (1968). Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Webb, M., Copes, H. y Hendricks, P. S. (2019). Narrative identity, rationality, and microdosing classic psychedelics. International Journal of Drug Policy, 70, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.013
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