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Moreno Martínez DM, Urrego Mendoza ZC. Effects of explosive devices on the hearing health of people exposed to armed conflicts. Hacia Promoc. Salud [Internet]. 2022 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 May 18];27(1):191-212. Available from: https://ucaldas.metarevistas.org/index.php/hacialapromociondelasalud/article/view/6761
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Authors
Daisy Mariana Moreno Martínez
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Zulma Consuelo Urrego Mendoza
Abstract
Objective: To describe the knowledge built regarding the effects on the hearing health of people exposed to outbreaks of conventional and unconventional weapons of war used in various armed conflicts. Materials and methods: Systematic exploratory review of the scientific production carried out in the last 20 years, between 1999 and 2019. The identification of bibliographic references was carried out through the consultation of databases
and search interfaces such as BIREME.BR, Academic Oxford, EBSCOHOST, PubMed and Google Scholar. A total of 1801 references were retrieved and qualitative and quantitative research, scientific reports, and literature reviews were included in the review. A total of 41 articles were selected for full-text review. Qualitative synthesis was carried out due to heterogeneity in the studies. Results: There was a growing interest in the study of this problem throughout the period covered especially from English-speaking countries involved in international armed conflicts. The otology difficulties that were most reported after exposure to explosions by weapons of war were: perforation in the tympanic membrane, hearing loss, tinnitus; earache, dizziness or vertigo, and otorrhea. There are differential patterns between civilian and military populations. Conclusions: The auditory system is the most commonly affected system by overpressure due to explosion from devices used as weapons in armed conflicts. In addition to the reported otology difficulties, it is necessary to study the disability generated in those affected, as well as the psychosocial repercussions of the audiological symptoms established.
Keywords:
References
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Da Silva Lima de Sousa L. A influencia do combate a artefatos explosivos improvisados em conflitos de 4ª geração para a evolução da doutrina do exército brasileiro [trabalho acadêmico de especialização] [Internet]. [Rio de Janeiro]: Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais. 2017; Disponible en: https://bit.ly/31INOhd
Herrera N. “Las víctimas por explosivos se incrementaron en 287 %” en 2018: Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja. El Espectador [Internet]. 27 de febrero de 2019 [citado 6 de octubre de 2019]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3II3vpp
González N. Informe de evento lesiones por artefacto explosivo (Pólvora, Minas Antipersona, y Municiones sin Explotar) semana 24 de 2018 [Internet]. Bogotá: Instituto Nacional de Salud; 2018. [citado 6 de octubre de 2019]. Disponible en: https://www.consultorsalud.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/lesiones_por_artefactos_explosivos_semestre_i_2018.pdf
Carnicero M, Baigorri M. Muerte por explosión: cuestiones y sistemática médico-forenses. Cuadernos de Medicina Forense [Internet]. 2002; (27):39-52. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3pI22qg
Pataquiva M. Caracterización de las lesiones en víctimas fatales por bombas de racimo sometidas a necropsia médicolegal en Colombia durante los años 2007 y 2008 [tesis de especialización]. [Bogotá]: Universidad Nacional; 2011.
Sucharew H, Macaluso M. Methods for Research Evidence Synthesis: The Scoping Review Approach. J Hosp Med. 2019; 7:416-418.
Manchado R, Tamames S, López M, Mohedano L, D´Agostino M, Veiga de Cabo L. Revisiones Sistemáticas Exploratorias. Med Segur Trab (Madr). 2009; 55(216): 12-19.
Saunders G, Frederick M, Arnold M, Silverman S, Chisolm T, Myers P. Auditory difficulties in blast-exposed Veterans with clinically normal hearing. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2015; 52(3):343-360.
Rezaee M, Mojtahed M, Ghasemi M, Saedi B. Assessment of Impulse Noise Level and Acoustic Trauma in Military Personnel. Trauma Monthly. 2012; 16(4):182-187.
Fausti S, Wilmington D, Gallun F, Myers P, Henry J. Auditory and vestibular dysfunction associated with blast-related traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009; 46(6):797-810.
Lew H, Garvert D, Pogoda T, Hsu P, Devine J, White D, et al. Auditory and visual impairments in patients with blastrelated traumatic brain injury: Effect of dual sensory impairment on Functional Independence Measure. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009; 46(6):819-826.
Toyinbo P, Vanderploeg R, Belanger H, Spehar A, Lapcevic W, Scott S. A Systems Science Approach to Understanding Polytrauma and Blast-Related Injury: Bayesian Network Model of Data From a Survey of the Florida National Guard. Am J Epidemiol. 2016; 185(2):135-146.
Killion M, Monroe T, Drambarean V. Better protection from blasts without sacrificing situational awareness. Int J Audiol. 2011; 50(1):S38-S45.
Wolf S, Bebarta V, Bonnett C, Pons P, Cantrill S. Blast injuries. The Lancet. 2009; 374(9687):405-415.
Cave K, Cornish E, Chandler D. Blast Injury of the Ear: Clinical Update from the Global War on Terror. Mil Med. 2007; 172(7):726-730.
Cohen J, Ziv G, Bloom J, Zikk D, Rapoport Y, Himmelfarb M. Blast injury of the ear in a confined space explosion: auditory and vestibular evaluation. IMAJ-RAMAT GAN. 2002; 4(7):559-562.
Dougherty A, MacGregor A, Han P, Viirre E, Heltemes K, Galarneau M. Blast-related ear injuries among US military personnel. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013; 50(6):893-904.
Gallun F, Lewis M, Folmer R, Hutter M, Papesh M, Belding H, et al. Chronic effects of exposure to high-intensity blasts Results of tests of central auditory processing. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2016; 53(6):705-720.
Breeze J, Cooper H, Pearson C, Henney S, Reid A. Ear injuries sustained by British service personnel subjected to blast trauma. J Laryngol Otol. 2011; 125:13-17.
Qureshi T, Awan M, Hassan N, Aftab A, Ali S. Effects of bomb blast injury on the ears. J Pak Med Assoc. 2017; 67(9):1313-1317.
Heupa A, Giglio De Olivera C, Coifman H. Effects of impact noise on the hearing of military personnel. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2011; 77(6):747-753.
Jalilvand H, Pourbakht A, Haghani H. Hearing Aid or Tinnitus Masker Which One Is the Best Treatment for Blast-Induced Tinnitus The Results of a Long-Term Study on 974 Patients. Audiology & Neurotology. 2015; 20(3):195-201.
Mcllwain S, Gates K, Ciliax D. Heritage of Army Audiology and the Road Ahead: The Army Hearing Program. American Journey of Public Health. 2008; 98:2167-2172.
Wells T, Seelig A, Ryan M, Jones J, Hooper T, Jacobson I, et al. Hearing loss associated with US military combat deployment. Noise & Health. 2015; 17(74):34-42.
Joseph A, Shaw J, Clouser M, MacGregor A, Galarneau, M. Impact of Blast Injury on Hearing in a Screened Male Military Population. Am J Epidemiol. 2018; 187(1):7-15.
Kim S, Lim E, Kim T, Park J. Long-term effect of noise exposure during military service in South Korea. Int J Audiol. 2016; 1-7.
Perez R, Gatt N, Cohen D. Long-term Follow-up of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Patients Exposed to Explosions. The Mediterranean Journal of Otology. 2017; 3:1-5
Humes LE, Joellenbeck LM, Durch JS. Noise and Military Service: Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus. Washington: National Academy of Sciences; 2005.
Helfer T, Jordan N, Lee R, Pietrusiak P, Cave K, Schairerc K. Noise-Induced Hearing Injury and Comorbidities Among Postdeployment U.S. Army Soldiers: April 200-June 2009. Am J Audiol. 2011; 20(1): 33-41. https://bit.ly/3DLR1JO
Moon S. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Caused by Gunshot in South Korean Military Service. Mil Med. 2007; 172(4):421-425.
Abel SM. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Canadian Military Personnel. In: New Directions for Improving Audio Effectiveness. France: RTO; 2005. p. 2 -24.
Helling E. Otologic Blast Injuries due to the Kenya Embassy Bombing. Mil Med. 2004; 169(11):872-877.
Mrena R, Paakkonen R, Back L, Pirvola U, Ylikosky J. Otologic Consequences of Blast Exposure: A Finnish Case Study of a Shopping Mall Bomb Explosion. Acta Otolaryngol. 2004; 124:946-952.
Klamkam P, Jaruchinda P, Nivatwongs S, Muninnobpamasa T, Harnchumpol P, Nirattisai S, et al. Otologic manifestations from blast injuries among military personnel in Thailand. American Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2013; 34:287-291.
Remenschneider A, Lookabaugh S, Aliphas A, Brodsky J, Devaiah A, Dagher W et al. Otologic Outcomes After Blast Injury The Boston Marathon Experience. Otology & Neurotology. 2014; 35:1825-1834.
Persaud R, Hajioff D, Wareing M, Chevretton E. Otological trauma resulting from the Soho Nail Bomb in London, April 1999. Clinical Otolaryngology. 2003; 28:203-206.
Mosleh M, Dalal K, Aljeesh Y, Svanström L. The burden of war-injury in the Palestinian health care sector in Gaza Strip. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2018; 124:946-952.
Miller I, McGahey D, Law K. The otologic consequences of the Omagh bomb disaster. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2002; 26:127-8.
Tazikei MH, Behnampour N, Mansourian AR. The Study Of Iran-Iraq War’s Victim Ears Findings In The Golestan Province GORGAN-IRAQ. J Clin Diagn Res. 2010; 4:2878-2882
Pusz M, Robitschek J. Traumatic Hearing Loss in the Context of Blast-Related Tympanic Membrane Perforation. Mil Med. 2017; 182(1/2):1645-1648.
Ritenour A, Wickley A, Ritenour J, Kriete B, Blackbourne L, Holcomb J, Wade C. Tympanic Membrane Perforation and Hearing Loss from Blast Overpressure in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Wounded. The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 2008; 64:S174-S178.
Radford P, Patel H, Hamilton N, Collins M, Dryden S. Tympanic Membrane Rupture in the Survivors of the July 7, 2005, London Bombings. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2011; 145(5):806-812.
Cañizo A, Parente A, Navascués JA, Soleto J, Cerdá J, Teigell E, Merello C, Carrillo A, Fuentes JR, Mantilla JI, Bañuelos C, Romero R, Villa A, Riquelme O, González JL, Vázquez J. Atención a las víctimas por ataque terrorista con explosivos. Cir Pediatr. 2006; 19:156-159.
Santana J. Estudio del trauma acústico en unidades de tanques y artillería. Revista archivo médico de Camagüey. 1999; 2(3).
Quintero LA, Marin EA, Torres NA. Impacto de los trastornos auditivos en la población militar. Revisión sistemática de literatura, en el periodo 2007 a 2017 [tesis doctoral]. [Bogotá]: Universidad del Rosario; 2018.
García L, García LI, Núñez, O, Cabello R, Delgado JL, Rivera JM. Lesión por explosión: El escenario urbano como modelo práctico y epidemiológico del trauma en operaciones militares. Cirujano General. 2009; 31:14-20.
Sánchez H. Medio militar y trastornos auditivos inducidos por ruido. Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar. 2013; 42(3):396-402.
Instituto Nacional para Sordos (INSOR). Población víctima de minas antipersona con afectación auditiva en Colombia [Internet]. 2017 [citado 6 de octubre de 2019]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/30msbT8
Torres GLM, Pardo G, Robles M, Noda I. Metodología para evaluar la audición. Su utilidad en el diagnóstico y prevención de la hipoacusia en trabajadores con riesgo [Internet]. Revista Cubana de Salud y Trabajo. 2016; 17(1):65-70. https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/revcubsaltra/cst-2016/cst161k.pdf
University of Illinois. Evaluaciones diagnósticas estándar para la audición. Hospital & Health Sciences System [Internet]. 2021 [citado 18 de enero de 2021]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3oLjgUp
Colon C, García E, Molinares A. Efectos auditivos y extrauditivos en profesionales expuestos a Ruido laboral: revisión documental. Revista Iberoamericana; 2017.
Basner M, Babisch W, Davis A, Brink M, Clark C, Janssen S, Stansfeld S. Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. The Lancet. 2014; 383(9925): 1325-1332. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61613-x
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Anti-personnel landmines. Friend or foe? A study of the military use and effectiveness of antipersonnel mines. Geneva. 1997.
Navarro R, Rodrigo C, Tamburri R, López E, Pantojo C, Aceituno P. Despliegue y capacidades sanitarias en la región oeste de Afganistán (provincia de Badghis y Herat) de agosto a noviembre 2012. Sanidad Militar [Internet]. 2013; 69(1):48-60. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3ILAh9k
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE). Identificación de las personas con discapacidad en los territorios desde el rediseño del registro [Internet]. Bogotá: DANE; 2008. [citado 6 de octubre de 2019]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3IGHR4Q
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Abecé. Salud auditiva y comunicativa. Somos todo oídos. Bogotá. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social [Internet]. 2017. [citado 6 de octubre de 2019]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3DPSO0l
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Plan Decenal de Salud Pública 2012-2021. Gobierno de Colombia [Internet]. 2013. [citado 20 de enero de 2021]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3IM5PvM
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Sordera y pérdida de audición. Nota descriptiva 300 [Internet]. 2015. [citado 20 de enero de 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss
Human Rights Watch. Devastadores efectos de las armas explosivas para los civiles New York. [Internet] New York: HRW; 2020 [citado 20 de enero de 2021]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/31HZHUB
Da Silva Lima de Sousa L. A influencia do combate a artefatos explosivos improvisados em conflitos de 4ª geração para a evolução da doutrina do exército brasileiro [trabalho acadêmico de especialização] [Internet]. [Rio de Janeiro]: Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais. 2017; Disponible en: https://bit.ly/31INOhd
Herrera N. “Las víctimas por explosivos se incrementaron en 287 %” en 2018: Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja. El Espectador [Internet]. 27 de febrero de 2019 [citado 6 de octubre de 2019]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3II3vpp
González N. Informe de evento lesiones por artefacto explosivo (Pólvora, Minas Antipersona, y Municiones sin Explotar) semana 24 de 2018 [Internet]. Bogotá: Instituto Nacional de Salud; 2018. [citado 6 de octubre de 2019]. Disponible en: https://www.consultorsalud.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/lesiones_por_artefactos_explosivos_semestre_i_2018.pdf
Carnicero M, Baigorri M. Muerte por explosión: cuestiones y sistemática médico-forenses. Cuadernos de Medicina Forense [Internet]. 2002; (27):39-52. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3pI22qg
Pataquiva M. Caracterización de las lesiones en víctimas fatales por bombas de racimo sometidas a necropsia médicolegal en Colombia durante los años 2007 y 2008 [tesis de especialización]. [Bogotá]: Universidad Nacional; 2011.
Sucharew H, Macaluso M. Methods for Research Evidence Synthesis: The Scoping Review Approach. J Hosp Med. 2019; 7:416-418.
Manchado R, Tamames S, López M, Mohedano L, D´Agostino M, Veiga de Cabo L. Revisiones Sistemáticas Exploratorias. Med Segur Trab (Madr). 2009; 55(216): 12-19.
Saunders G, Frederick M, Arnold M, Silverman S, Chisolm T, Myers P. Auditory difficulties in blast-exposed Veterans with clinically normal hearing. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2015; 52(3):343-360.
Rezaee M, Mojtahed M, Ghasemi M, Saedi B. Assessment of Impulse Noise Level and Acoustic Trauma in Military Personnel. Trauma Monthly. 2012; 16(4):182-187.
Fausti S, Wilmington D, Gallun F, Myers P, Henry J. Auditory and vestibular dysfunction associated with blast-related traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009; 46(6):797-810.
Lew H, Garvert D, Pogoda T, Hsu P, Devine J, White D, et al. Auditory and visual impairments in patients with blastrelated traumatic brain injury: Effect of dual sensory impairment on Functional Independence Measure. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009; 46(6):819-826.
Toyinbo P, Vanderploeg R, Belanger H, Spehar A, Lapcevic W, Scott S. A Systems Science Approach to Understanding Polytrauma and Blast-Related Injury: Bayesian Network Model of Data From a Survey of the Florida National Guard. Am J Epidemiol. 2016; 185(2):135-146.
Killion M, Monroe T, Drambarean V. Better protection from blasts without sacrificing situational awareness. Int J Audiol. 2011; 50(1):S38-S45.
Wolf S, Bebarta V, Bonnett C, Pons P, Cantrill S. Blast injuries. The Lancet. 2009; 374(9687):405-415.
Cave K, Cornish E, Chandler D. Blast Injury of the Ear: Clinical Update from the Global War on Terror. Mil Med. 2007; 172(7):726-730.
Cohen J, Ziv G, Bloom J, Zikk D, Rapoport Y, Himmelfarb M. Blast injury of the ear in a confined space explosion: auditory and vestibular evaluation. IMAJ-RAMAT GAN. 2002; 4(7):559-562.
Dougherty A, MacGregor A, Han P, Viirre E, Heltemes K, Galarneau M. Blast-related ear injuries among US military personnel. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013; 50(6):893-904.
Gallun F, Lewis M, Folmer R, Hutter M, Papesh M, Belding H, et al. Chronic effects of exposure to high-intensity blasts Results of tests of central auditory processing. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2016; 53(6):705-720.
Breeze J, Cooper H, Pearson C, Henney S, Reid A. Ear injuries sustained by British service personnel subjected to blast trauma. J Laryngol Otol. 2011; 125:13-17.
Qureshi T, Awan M, Hassan N, Aftab A, Ali S. Effects of bomb blast injury on the ears. J Pak Med Assoc. 2017; 67(9):1313-1317.
Heupa A, Giglio De Olivera C, Coifman H. Effects of impact noise on the hearing of military personnel. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2011; 77(6):747-753.
Jalilvand H, Pourbakht A, Haghani H. Hearing Aid or Tinnitus Masker Which One Is the Best Treatment for Blast-Induced Tinnitus The Results of a Long-Term Study on 974 Patients. Audiology & Neurotology. 2015; 20(3):195-201.
Mcllwain S, Gates K, Ciliax D. Heritage of Army Audiology and the Road Ahead: The Army Hearing Program. American Journey of Public Health. 2008; 98:2167-2172.
Wells T, Seelig A, Ryan M, Jones J, Hooper T, Jacobson I, et al. Hearing loss associated with US military combat deployment. Noise & Health. 2015; 17(74):34-42.
Joseph A, Shaw J, Clouser M, MacGregor A, Galarneau, M. Impact of Blast Injury on Hearing in a Screened Male Military Population. Am J Epidemiol. 2018; 187(1):7-15.
Kim S, Lim E, Kim T, Park J. Long-term effect of noise exposure during military service in South Korea. Int J Audiol. 2016; 1-7.
Perez R, Gatt N, Cohen D. Long-term Follow-up of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Patients Exposed to Explosions. The Mediterranean Journal of Otology. 2017; 3:1-5
Humes LE, Joellenbeck LM, Durch JS. Noise and Military Service: Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus. Washington: National Academy of Sciences; 2005.
Helfer T, Jordan N, Lee R, Pietrusiak P, Cave K, Schairerc K. Noise-Induced Hearing Injury and Comorbidities Among Postdeployment U.S. Army Soldiers: April 200-June 2009. Am J Audiol. 2011; 20(1): 33-41. https://bit.ly/3DLR1JO
Moon S. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Caused by Gunshot in South Korean Military Service. Mil Med. 2007; 172(4):421-425.
Abel SM. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Canadian Military Personnel. In: New Directions for Improving Audio Effectiveness. France: RTO; 2005. p. 2 -24.
Helling E. Otologic Blast Injuries due to the Kenya Embassy Bombing. Mil Med. 2004; 169(11):872-877.
Mrena R, Paakkonen R, Back L, Pirvola U, Ylikosky J. Otologic Consequences of Blast Exposure: A Finnish Case Study of a Shopping Mall Bomb Explosion. Acta Otolaryngol. 2004; 124:946-952.
Klamkam P, Jaruchinda P, Nivatwongs S, Muninnobpamasa T, Harnchumpol P, Nirattisai S, et al. Otologic manifestations from blast injuries among military personnel in Thailand. American Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2013; 34:287-291.
Remenschneider A, Lookabaugh S, Aliphas A, Brodsky J, Devaiah A, Dagher W et al. Otologic Outcomes After Blast Injury The Boston Marathon Experience. Otology & Neurotology. 2014; 35:1825-1834.
Persaud R, Hajioff D, Wareing M, Chevretton E. Otological trauma resulting from the Soho Nail Bomb in London, April 1999. Clinical Otolaryngology. 2003; 28:203-206.
Mosleh M, Dalal K, Aljeesh Y, Svanström L. The burden of war-injury in the Palestinian health care sector in Gaza Strip. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2018; 124:946-952.
Miller I, McGahey D, Law K. The otologic consequences of the Omagh bomb disaster. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2002; 26:127-8.
Tazikei MH, Behnampour N, Mansourian AR. The Study Of Iran-Iraq War’s Victim Ears Findings In The Golestan Province GORGAN-IRAQ. J Clin Diagn Res. 2010; 4:2878-2882
Pusz M, Robitschek J. Traumatic Hearing Loss in the Context of Blast-Related Tympanic Membrane Perforation. Mil Med. 2017; 182(1/2):1645-1648.
Ritenour A, Wickley A, Ritenour J, Kriete B, Blackbourne L, Holcomb J, Wade C. Tympanic Membrane Perforation and Hearing Loss from Blast Overpressure in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Wounded. The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 2008; 64:S174-S178.
Radford P, Patel H, Hamilton N, Collins M, Dryden S. Tympanic Membrane Rupture in the Survivors of the July 7, 2005, London Bombings. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2011; 145(5):806-812.
Cañizo A, Parente A, Navascués JA, Soleto J, Cerdá J, Teigell E, Merello C, Carrillo A, Fuentes JR, Mantilla JI, Bañuelos C, Romero R, Villa A, Riquelme O, González JL, Vázquez J. Atención a las víctimas por ataque terrorista con explosivos. Cir Pediatr. 2006; 19:156-159.
Santana J. Estudio del trauma acústico en unidades de tanques y artillería. Revista archivo médico de Camagüey. 1999; 2(3).
Quintero LA, Marin EA, Torres NA. Impacto de los trastornos auditivos en la población militar. Revisión sistemática de literatura, en el periodo 2007 a 2017 [tesis doctoral]. [Bogotá]: Universidad del Rosario; 2018.
García L, García LI, Núñez, O, Cabello R, Delgado JL, Rivera JM. Lesión por explosión: El escenario urbano como modelo práctico y epidemiológico del trauma en operaciones militares. Cirujano General. 2009; 31:14-20.
Sánchez H. Medio militar y trastornos auditivos inducidos por ruido. Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar. 2013; 42(3):396-402.
Instituto Nacional para Sordos (INSOR). Población víctima de minas antipersona con afectación auditiva en Colombia [Internet]. 2017 [citado 6 de octubre de 2019]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/30msbT8
Torres GLM, Pardo G, Robles M, Noda I. Metodología para evaluar la audición. Su utilidad en el diagnóstico y prevención de la hipoacusia en trabajadores con riesgo [Internet]. Revista Cubana de Salud y Trabajo. 2016; 17(1):65-70. https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/revcubsaltra/cst-2016/cst161k.pdf
University of Illinois. Evaluaciones diagnósticas estándar para la audición. Hospital & Health Sciences System [Internet]. 2021 [citado 18 de enero de 2021]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3oLjgUp
Colon C, García E, Molinares A. Efectos auditivos y extrauditivos en profesionales expuestos a Ruido laboral: revisión documental. Revista Iberoamericana; 2017.
Basner M, Babisch W, Davis A, Brink M, Clark C, Janssen S, Stansfeld S. Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. The Lancet. 2014; 383(9925): 1325-1332. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61613-x
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Anti-personnel landmines. Friend or foe? A study of the military use and effectiveness of antipersonnel mines. Geneva. 1997.
Navarro R, Rodrigo C, Tamburri R, López E, Pantojo C, Aceituno P. Despliegue y capacidades sanitarias en la región oeste de Afganistán (provincia de Badghis y Herat) de agosto a noviembre 2012. Sanidad Militar [Internet]. 2013; 69(1):48-60. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3ILAh9k
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE). Identificación de las personas con discapacidad en los territorios desde el rediseño del registro [Internet]. Bogotá: DANE; 2008. [citado 6 de octubre de 2019]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3IGHR4Q
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Abecé. Salud auditiva y comunicativa. Somos todo oídos. Bogotá. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social [Internet]. 2017. [citado 6 de octubre de 2019]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3DPSO0l
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Plan Decenal de Salud Pública 2012-2021. Gobierno de Colombia [Internet]. 2013. [citado 20 de enero de 2021]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3IM5PvM
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Sordera y pérdida de audición. Nota descriptiva 300 [Internet]. 2015. [citado 20 de enero de 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss
Human Rights Watch. Devastadores efectos de las armas explosivas para los civiles New York. [Internet] New York: HRW; 2020 [citado 20 de enero de 2021]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/31HZHUB
